Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb: Peroneal Artery

Structure and Function

Although there are many anatomical variations, the most common configuration of the popliteal artery is for the first branch to be the anterior tibial artery. After the first branch point, the popliteal artery becomes the posterior tibial artery (also known as the tibioperoneal trunk or the tibiofibular trunk). The posterior tibial artery (tibioperoneal trunk) then bifurcates into a posterior tibial and a peroneal artery.  

The peroneal artery originates from the posterior tibial artery (tibioperoneal trunk) roughly 2 to 3 cm distal to the popliteal fossa. The peroneal artery is usually the posterior lateral branch of the posterior tibial artery (tibioperoneal trunk). The peroneal artery then courses towards the fibular bone and descends down the lower leg along the posterior surface of the interosseous membrane between the fibula and tibia. The peroneal artery is located at the posterior aspect of the intermuscular septum of the lateral compartment between tibialis posterior and flexor hallucis longus muscles or within the flexor hallucis longus muscle belly in the posterior compartment.[1]

The peroneal artery descends to the level of the ankle at the inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, where it divides into the calcaneal arterial branches at the posterior lateral aspect of the calcaneus. Distally, the peroneal artery is contiguous with the dorsal artery of the foot, the lateral tarsal artery, the lateral malleolar artery, and the lateral plantar arteries. The distal peroneal artery gives off a communicating branch that anastomoses with the communicating branch of the posterior tibial artery. The distal peroneal artery also has anterior branches that anastomose with the distal anterior tibial artery. Arterial anastomosis provides collateral circulation in the hindfoot and ankle.

Inferiorly, through perforating branches, the peroneal artery penetrates the posterior intermuscular septum of the lateral compartment (also known as the peroneal compartment) to supply the peroneus brevis and peroneus longus muscles with blood flow. Superiorly, the anterior tibial artery penetrates the anterior intermuscular septum of the lateral compartment to supply the peroneus brevis and peroneus longus muscles with blood flow.[1] The lateral compartment of the leg is 1 of the 4 compartments in the lower leg. The four compartments of the lower leg are the lateral, anterior, superficial posterior, and deep posterior compartments. Muscles residing in the lateral compartment of the leg function to cause foot eversion. The anterior boundary of the lateral compartment is the anterior intermuscular septum. The posterior boundary of the lateral compartment is the posterior intermuscular septum. Medial and lateral boundaries of the lateral compartment are the fibular surface and deep leg fascia, respectively.[2]

Embryology

Smooth muscle of the peroneal artery and all large arteries derive from lateral plate mesoderm and neural crest cells. In general, blood vessels are formed by two basic methods: 1) by vasculogenesis, where blood vessels form by the combination/ uniting of angioblasts, and 2) by angiogenesis, where new vessels are formed by branching off from parent (proximal) blood vessels.[2]

Blood Supply and Lymphatics

The peroneal vein is in the posterior lateral aspect of the lower leg and has a course similar to the peroneal artery.  The peroneal vein drains into the popliteal vein. The superficial veins of the lateral leg drain into the small saphenous vein. The deep veins of the lateral leg drain into the posterior tibial vein. Superficial lymphatics provide lymphatic drainage to the lateral compartment of the lower leg.[1]

Muscles

The peroneal artery supplies the muscles of the lateral compartment of the lower leg. The peroneus brevis and peroneus longus muscles are the only two muscles of the lateral compartment.[1]

Physiologic Variants

The peroneal magnus artery is a congenital vascular variant of the lower leg. In patients with a peroneal magnus artery, the anterior and posterior tibial arteries are smaller than normal, and the peroneal magnus artery is larger than normal peroneal arteries. The peroneal magnus artery provides the majority of blood supply to the lower leg and foot. A peroneal magnus artery is seen in up to 5% of the population.[1] Patients with a peroneal magnus artery that undergo vascular surgery involving grafting in the lower leg have an increased likelihood of experiencing surgical complications such as foot and limb ischemia.

Clinical Significance

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD), caused by atherosclerosis, is the primary clinical issue associated with the peroneal artery. Mild cases of PAD correlate with mild leg pain with exertion (for example, walking). The term for pain with exertion is claudication. Moderate cases of PAD demonstrate severe pain with walking, and severe PAD presents with leg pain at rest.[3] 

Radiographic evaluation of PAD can be performed with multiple different modalities. Plain radiographs can diagnose atherosclerosis by identifying vascular calcifications. However, plain radiographs are not considered a suitable method of evaluating for PAD due to the very low sensitivity in identifying atherosclerosis when present. Vascular ultrasonography is widely used in the evaluation of PAD. Vascular ultrasonography is often the first step in the evaluation of patients with symptoms of claudication. Atherosclerosis of lower extremity arteries can be identified with ultrasonography with good sensitivity. Vascular ultrasonography is a noninvasive method of evaluating the lower extremity arteries. Another noninvasive radiographic evaluation of PAD is CT angiography (CTA). MR angiography (MRA) is also a noninvasive radiographic modality to evaluate for PAD.[4] Vascular ultrasonography, CTA, and MRA allow evaluation of arterial stenosis and occlusion, as well as abnormal collateral circulation in the lower extremities. The presence of abnormal collateral circulation indicates longstanding significant atherosclerotic disease.   

Digital subtraction angiography is an invasive radiographic modality that can evaluate for PAD and has high specificity. Digital subtraction angiography requires intravenous contrast to be injected into the arterial system to evaluate for stenosis, occlusion, and abnormal collateral circulation. Digital subtraction angiography also allows therapeutic intervention in addition to diagnosis (unlike vascular ultrasound, CTA, and MRA, which are diagnostic only). Arterial balloon angioplasty with stenting of areas of stenosis caused by atherosclerosis can be performed as a treatment for PAD at the same time as diagnostic digital subtraction angiography analysis.[5]